Technical Terms (Most Important and Concerned) Essay Example

Technical Terms (Most Important and Concerned) Essay A copy of an original manuscript is called Apograph. ARCHIVES Organized body of public records or historical documents preserved in a repository. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED A phrase inserted in a book signifying that its copy right is reserved and its violation will be actionable and that the privilege of reproducing it in any form will not be granted without the consent of the owner of the copyright. ASSOCIATED BOOK A book which is written about another book. AUTOGRAPH 1. A person’s signature. 2. A manuscript in the author’s own hand writing. BASTARD TITLE (HALF TITLE) The brief title of a book in which the wordings of the full title is abbreviated and which is usually printed on a separate leaf preceding the main title page. BEST SELLER A current popular book in extensive demand and sold in large numbers. BIANNUAL A publication issued twice a year. BIBLIOLATORY Reverence and respect for books BIBLIOMANIA Madness for books. (Excessive passion for collecting and owing books). BIBLIOMANIAC One who suffering from bibliomania. BIBLIOPHILE A lover of books particularly of their format and physical make up. BIBLIOPEGIC A book binder, one who works to bind the books. BIBLIOTHECA Library is a place or building or store where collected books are arranged according to a systematic order. BIBLIOTHERAPY Cure of diseases with the help of reading books. BOOK RARITIES Scarce books of which only a few copies are available any where. BOOK REVIEW An evaluation of the contents, literary worth etc, especially a recently published book, published in a periodical or newspaper. BULLETIN A regular publication of an organization, society etc with a brief statement of the latest news concerning the issuing organization. BOOK We will write a custom essay sample on Technical Terms (Most Important and Concerned) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technical Terms (Most Important and Concerned) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technical Terms (Most Important and Concerned) specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The book is defined as a collection of sheet of papers written, printed or typed, string and bound to illustrate further the concept of book. It has many folded sheets of papers which continue writing. When the page number are 49 or more than 49 it will be named as book excluding the cover pages. When pages are less than 49it will be especially named as pamphlet (decided in General Conference of UNESCO 1964). A non periodical printed publication of at least 49 pages, exclusive of cover pages. UNESCO. Dr. P. N. Gour. BYNAME (NICK NAME) A fanciful name in addition to or in place of proper name. . g Hamidullah Jan is called Hameedi. CANCEL The corrected replacement of a cancelled leaf or leaves of a book containing a textural error. BIBLIOGRAPHY List of books and other reading material, which record the information, describe the information, disseminate the information and does not index the information, not being necessarily of one collection or library. BIENNIAL A publication issued o nce in two years. BI-MONTHLY A serial publication issued once in two months. BI-WEEKLY (FORTNIGHTLY) A periodical which is published once in two weeks. BLURB (BOOK JACKET, DUST COVER, BOOK COVER, WRAPPER) Publisher’s description and praise of a book usually printed on the front flap of a book jacket. BOOK Book is an acronym of â€Å"Built in orderly organized knowledge†. â€Å"In education in Pakistan† written by Dr. R. A. Farooq. BOOK EXCHANGE An arrangement whereby a library exchanges its duplicate or discarded material with other library. BOOK LABEL (BOOK PLATE) A label pasted in a book to mark its ownership. CAPTION The heading at the beginning of the text, or of a chapter or section of a book, or of an article. CAPTION TITLE The title printed at beginning of a chapter or section of a book or at the too of each page. CATCHWORD A word given at the bottom of the page after the last line, such word being the first in the first line at the top of the following page. CHANGED TITLE The current title of a book which had originally been published with a different title, e. g, Ceramic in Pakistan old Title pottery in Pakistan change Title. CHARGE To record the loan of a book to reader. CLIPPING (PRESS CUTTINGS) A piece cut form a newspaper or periodical usually containing an important new or some writing worth preservation for the use of readers. For example Afghanistan, Kashmir, ECO, UNO, Pak, Middle East, Nuclear weapon etc. COLLABORATOR One who is associated with another in the writing of a book. COMPOUND NAME A name made up of two or more proper names. COPY RIGHT DATE The date on which copy right is granted in respect of an individual work, usually printed on the reverse of the title page. CORRIGENDA: (ERRATA) A printed list of correction of errors in the text of a book, notices after document was printed and inserted either before or after the printed text. CURATOR A person who has the charge of a museum, art gallery or any special collection. DEDICATION The author’s inscription in a book offering it to a person as a mark of respect or affection or gratitude towards that person. DOCUMENT A record of mental thought expressed in language, written on paper. EDITION The no of copies printed at one time and from one unchanged setting of types. An edition may comprise a no of impressions usually printed from the same types or plates. Different editions may embody an identical text or varying texts. END PAPERS One or more blank leaves inserted by the binder at the beginning and the end of a book. EPHEMERA Pamphlet, cutting and other materials of ephemeral interest and value. FLY LEAF A blank leaf at the beginning or end of a book. FOOT NOTE A note at the foot of a page, giving a reference, an authority or an explanation or elucidation of some matter in the text marked above on the page. FOREWORD: (PRE-AMBLE) An introductory preface of a book by the author stating the reason for writing and enunciation of his theme. FRONTISPIECE A pictorial representation or illustration in the beginning of a book, usually facing or preceding it title page. GAZATTEER A geographical reference work usually arranged alphabetically, giving descriptive, geographical, historical or statistical information about places written about. GLOSSARY An alphabetical list of technical terms concerned with any specific subject together with their definition or elucidations. HARD BINDING Binding in hard board covered with cloth or paper. IMPRESSION All copies of a book printed at the same time from the same setting or types. INDEX A systematically arranged alphabetical list of names, subjects etc, together with page nos where they occur, usually placed at the end of a book or other publications. INTRODUCTION The preliminary section of a book, usually explaining or defining its subject-matter, or giving a general study of the subject, often written by some one other than the author. LEAFLET A separate sheet of printed matter often folded but not stitched. LEGAL DEPOSIT Deposit of one or more copies of every book or other publication, printed or published in the country, in certain libraries, according to the copyright law or another related law of the country. LIBRARY DISCOUNT Rebate allowed by the book trade on the cost of books purchased by a library. LITHOGRAPHY Process of writing or drawing design on a stone and of processing printed impressions there from. MAGAZINE A periodical publication for general reading of which separate issues are published at regular intervals, containing articles on various subjects, by different authors. MONOGRAPH A separate, systematic and complete treatise on a single subject. NEW IMPRESSION Fresh printing of a book from standing type. PAMPHLET A non-periodical publication of at least five but not more than 48 pages, excluding cover pages. PAPERBACKS Books bound with paper covers, usually to reduce their cost price. PARTIAL TITLE The sub-title or alternative title or the secondary part of the title given on the title page. PICTOGRAPH A pictorial illustration telling a story by representing an object or an idea. (A thirsty crow, Greedy dog etc. ). PLATE A page containing illustrative matter bound or pasted in a book and usually not included in its pagination. PREFACE A statement written by the author, at the beginning of a book, giving its scope, reasons for writing and the class of readers for whom it is intended. OCTAVO A sheet of paper folded three times to form a section of eight leaves or sixteen pages. OCTAVO EDITION An edition issued in octavo form, i. e, of books having section of 8 leaves or 16 pages and whose height is between 20 to 25 cm. PRELIMINARIES Those parts of the book which precede the first page of the text, viz: half title, frontispiece, title page, dedication, acknowledgment, list of contents and illustrations, abbreviations, foreword or preface, introduction etc. PSEUDONYM A name used by an author which is not his real name in order to conceal his identity. PUBLISHING HOUSE A firm engaged in the trade of publishing books. RECTO Right hand page of an open book, usually bearing an odd Page number. REFERENCE LIBRARIAN A librarian incharge of a reference library or who is incharge of reference department in a library. REFERENCE BOOKS Books such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, gazetteers, year books, directories, indexes, bibliographies etc, which are compiled to supply definite pieces of information and are meant to be referred to for such information rather than to be read thorough. REFERENCES The list of publications to which an author has made specific reference in the course of his work, generally appended at the end of each chapter or at the end of the book or the article. REFERENCE SERVICE (REFERENCE WORK) The provision and organization by a library of a service which is directly concerned with assistance to readers in their search for information on various subjects, and in using the resources of the library in study and research. REPRINT An identical copy of a book, printed from the same type or with type set again by without any substantial alteration in the text. REVIEW An evaluation of literary work. REVIEW COPY A copy of a book sent free by the publisher to an individual scholar, or to a newspaper or magazine for review purposes. REVIEWING PERIODICAL A periodical publication largely devoted to reviews of new books. REVISED EDITION A new edition of a book in which printing and textual errors have been corrected, and new material added. REVISED IMPRESSION (PRINTING) A new impression of a book for which revisions have been incorporated in the original setting of types. ROYALTY Payment made to an author by the publisher of a book usually on a percentage basis of its retail price. RUNNING TITLE The title which is repeated at the head of each page of a book. SEMI ANNUAL A periodical or any other serial publication, published twice a year. SEMI WEEKLY A periodical issued twice a week. SHORT TITLE Shortened form of the title of a book enough to identify it in catalogue or bibliography, generally used in short cataloguing. SPINE The back of the cover of a book, which usually bears, the title, author and sometimes the publisher’s name. STANDARD BOOK (WORK) A book recognized as of permanent value because of its subject content or the style of writing. STANDARD EDITION The edition of an author’s book which is of a better quality than a normal or cheaper edition. SUB-TITLE A secondary or sub-ordinate title of a book following the main title which is usually explanatory, or modificatory of the main title. SUMMARY The substance or general idea of any written matter presented in a brief form. SURNAME A family name, usually used together with the personal name. TERMS Any word or phrase used in a precise or definite sense. TITLE 1. â€Å"Name of a work† Dr. S. S. Ranganathan. 2. The word or words by which a literary or intellectual work is designated on its title page which may also include the sub-title, alternative title or any elucidatory or descriptive matter relating to the title. TREATISE A formal systematic essay, or book on some subject. VERSION One of several forms of exposition in the same or another language of a work. VERSE The left hand page of an open book, usually bearing an even page number. XY-LOGRAPHY Printing from engraved blocks of wood. YEAR BOOK An annual volume, published every year, containing current information of a variable nature, also reviews of the happenings during the year and statistical statements of annual significance. WATER MARK A mark of water or trade mark is prepared and can be seen on any sheet of paper, specially hand made paper when holds to light. EXTRA BINDING A trade term for the best work in binding. FINISHING It is comprising of lettering, tooling and polishing of the book. FOREDGE The front edge of the leaves. FORWARDING Comprises all operations between sewing and finishing. SIGNATURE The letters or figures placed on first page of each sheet. CONCAVE The inside curve. CONVEX The outside curve. COLOPHONE A statement given at the end of the text of a book giving its title, subject, writer’s printers or publisher’s name and date and place of printing. Sometimes one or more of these items is omitted. IMPERFECTIONS Sheets rejected by the binder and returned to the printer to be replace. HEAD AND TAIL The top and bottom of the book. EMBOSS PRINTING Printing in raised characters for the blind. ADDENDA Additional matters essential to the completeness of the text of a book, usually added after the text. For example at page 85, at line 13 (After Automatic data processing add: see also Data processing).

Black Relaions in Brazil Essay

Black Relaions in Brazil Essay Black Relaions in Brazil Essay Black In Latin America / Brazil: A Racial Paradise? In Brazil, Professor Gates explores how this â€Å"rainbow nation† is waking up to it's legacy as the world's largest slave economy. An estimated 4.8 million African slaves were brought to Brazil over 500 years ago when Portuguese slave trades were high with the country and sugar farming was the countries number one resource. The slaves brought with them their religion, culture, and music. Approximately 75 million people remain in Brazil with ties to African descent and Brazil is the second largest black population in the world next to Nigeria. Brazil was the last country in the western hemisphere to abolish slavery in 1888. However, they were the first to claim that they were free of racism a declare there nation a racial democracy. Many of the countries African descendents believe this is a myth and believe that racism does exist within Brazil. The Brazilian people themselves do not distinguish race as we do here in the United States, the refer to racial categories as color s such as â€Å"Moreno† or â€Å"Negro† but in different shades, but never distinguish anyone differently based merely on the appearance of their skin tone. According to Joao Reis professor of history at the Federal University of Bahia, their were ten times as many slaves brought to Brazil as to the United States during the history of the slave trades because the Portuguese controlled many of the ports in the Caribbean and Africa during the time period of 1502-1867 which gave them easier access to transport slaves the shorter distances to Brazil. Also, slavery was much more barbaric in Brazil because the slaves were easily replaced. Plantation owners did not allow slaves to be armed, so the slaves found a way to organize and learned how to defend themselves through learning Capoeira. The art form is known by quick and complex moves, using mainly power kicks, leg sweeps, knee strikes, take downs, elbow strikes, punches, and head butts. It was a form of training used by the slaves and disguised as a dance when the Calvary came in case they had to defend themselves. This art form is still practiced today in Brazil. The film also gave some information about Candomblà © wich is an African religion with oral tradition, mainly practiced in Brazil by the â€Å"povo de santo.† It is based on the soul of nature. The film also described Chica da Silva who was a woman born into slavery, that became one of the most powerful women in colonial Brazil when she started a romance with her very wealthy owner Joao Fernandes de Oliviera who was a diamond mine owner and one of the richest men in colonial Brazil who fell in love with her and set her free. When the churches condemned his actions, he built his own church and went against them for her. Together they had 13 children; raising them in white society and refusing to be treated as colored. Professor gates also spoke with Dora Alves (a black activist and hair stylist) who believes

Macro Economics - summary A Better Way Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macro Economics - summary A Better Way - Essay Example Another beneficial factor for the increase in productivity is reorganization of labour force that has led to â€Å"fulfilling wants that had been unmet or may be even unknown.† (Page 5). Reorganization from trade also helps in creating more efficient deployment of labour economy wide as resources are shifted to their best uses as the producers seek comparative advantage in market place (following Ricardian comparative advantage). Higher productivity also helps in increasing the state of employment in the economy because higher productivity promises higher profits implying higher income for people. Higher income means higher demand and so there will be increase in investment and more creation of jobs. Furthermore, higher productivity provides the worker with more leisure and there by an opportunity to enjoy whatever they earn. This march to livelihood was not achieved in one day. After achieving self sufficiency in food grain with the advent of electrical appliances for cultiva tion, agriculture became capital intensive and freed up labor made their plunge to the industrial sector, thereby preparing a base for the tertiary sector to flourish. But the trend in productivity has been choppy. This has been â€Å"due to business cycle upturns and slowdowns as well as longer-term economic trends.†(Page 8). To make the increase in productivity continuing it is important that improvement in technology continues. With more improvement in technology there will be much more improvement in productivity. Technological improvement would bring in more sophisticated technologies which would help in improving the quality of work, save time and thus help in bringing down the costs. Again trade also makes a powerful impact on the overall efficiency of the economy. Productivity gains from trade stands for the operation of open markets. Due to expansion in trade it has now become possible to produce goods in those

Transformational leadership and manageent syle in nursing Essay

Transformational leadership and manageent syle in nursing - Essay Example The kind of work she does from asking patients how they are doing, and whether they have what they need here; to directing other staff members making sure all hospital work gets done on time and efficiently. She also makes sure along with getting work done is that all staff members get time off and they get to go out too and do not just get stuck with work all the time. This extra care from the nurse manager ensures that they are motivated and happy with whatever work they are doing and they hence do everything in a better way than normally expected. Hence, apart from ensuring that everything gets done on time this nurse also makes sure that everyone gets time off and vacations on time too. This shows how caring she is towards hers staff members and the people she has under her for leading and motivating. We call this inspirational of transformational leadership. Transformational leaders identify and formulate a vision for their followers and sub-ordinates to follow. They create an idea of a future environment and vision. They visualize how things will eventually be if they work and try to achieve success. In the case of the nurse manager, she devises a vision as to how the other nurses should provide to the hospital and the patients. Secondly, all transformational leaders provide a suitable ideal for the workplace and for the people working there. The nurse manager being a transformational leader also sets an example by adhering to activities and rules that are typical of efficient hospital nurse management. Promote the importance and willingness to accept of goals of the entire group of people the transformational leader is leading. The nurse manager also does this through setting goals first and then making sure there is cooperation and understanding in between each group member and all nurses that is so that there is harmony amongst them. This harmony makes sure that all members change their individual goals into collective goals and achieve common group goals henceforth. Uphold expectations pertaining to high formulated levels of performance and making sure that the entire group meets these expectations criteria. The nurse manager gives confidence to the entire staff that they can get this particular task done for example making sure that the hygienic conditions in the hospital are met etc. Catering to individual support. This is done to make sure that the members of the group/team feel worthy and

Fast-Food Gone Bad Essay Example for Free

Fast-Food Gone Bad Essay An argument is an implicit dialogue that has importance to appeals. This is done by using different elements of an argument, in which the different parts are the claim (or thesis), the support, the evidence, the warrant, the appeals to the audience, and the counter argument that is being used in the scenario. In this essay that Michele Simon has wrote she examines the unhealthy choices of the some restaurants and explains on how they’re misleading the healthy people in the World. In Michele Simon’s â€Å"Even the ‘Healthy’ Choices at Fast Food Restaurants Are Unhealthy†, uses all of the parts and the elements of an argument in her essay. The first statement that Simon makes is â€Å"In response to sharpening criticism from nutrition advocates, fast-food franchises have added supposedly ‘healthy’ options to their menus† (Simon 473). This would be Simon’s claim, which would be the thesis statement of her argument. This is what the author or the person who wrote the situation is trying to tell you what they’re trying to answer or trying to prove in their argument. Arguments typically have three types of claims; claim of fact, claim of value, and claim of policy. In Simon’s argument her thesis is a claim of policy because she is trying to make a solution to figure out there problem and make it better so there can be something done about this or try to make better. We know there are many problems with fast food and Simon proves her argument by going on and saying different reasons for why this is true in her essay. The warrant is a belief or principle that can be assumed based on the argument. The warrant is never stated in great detail, and it must be drawn from statements made by the arguer. While it is not said by Simon her warrant is still clear and well understood. In Simon’s argument as implies that fast-food restaurants are not committed to the well being of their patrons (Simon). Also it is said that Simon thinks that fast-food restaurants are misleading to consumers who are trying to eat healthy. This also warrants that menu items are misleading and sometimes confusing for the consumer that is buying the product. The consumer could think that they were getting something healthier then a cheeseburger, but in all truth it’s actually worse than that cheeseburger. She must appeal to her audience in order to win the argument, by saying that a majority of fast-food restaurants are not telling the truth about their menu items and that there not healthy. The evidence is used to give strength to the argument and to prove the support for the claim. Many forms of evidence are found in examples, statistics, and expert is brought in to give valuable feedback on the argument. Simon provides many forms of evidence to back up her claim that she has possessed. In her first form of evidence she implies â€Å"The new Happy Meal option, which includes a sugar-loaded caramel dipping sauce† (Simon 473). She is implying that this idea is not much better then French fries because the caramel dipping sauce is full of sugar. Simon’s next problem was that she mentions â€Å"instead of a coke, kids can now have apple juice or milk† (Simon 475). This evidence Simon is trying to say that the apple juice and milk is still full of sugars and it’s still not good for your children. The next support of evidence for her claim is that she implies that â€Å"calling the chicken ‘crispy’ instead of fried is misleading† (Simon 474). She mentions that because if a person hears this that would automatically think that this is healthy salad. She is implying that is should just be called fried because so many people could get this confused. The logos support and evidence has support from multiple studies with facts and stats, given as evidence. Ethos supports from appeals to individuals in dealing with menu items and the choices on it. Pathos is used throughout her essay by giving thought to how unhealthy fast-food is. She mentions that â€Å"For a toddler who needs 1,000 calories per day, a Happy Meal consisting of four Chicken McNuggets, small French fries, and a low-fat chocolate milk totals 580 calories, or more than half of a child’s daily recommended calorie intake† (Simon 475). Simon is saying that no matter what you’re getting at a fast-food restaurant it’s going to be unhealthy for you, and your children. The counter argument Simon takes into consideration the argument opposing her claim, Simon doesn’t spend much time about a counter argument, but it is addressed in her essay. Simon grants â€Å"Go Active! Adult Happy Meal† (Simon 476). Which fell through and done away with because it didn’t work. Simon points out â€Å"In 2004 Ruby Tuesday reduced some portion sizes and added healthier items† (Simon 476). Another thing that Simon points out that was that â€Å"Wendy’s garnered great press in February 2005 for its ‘bold’ decision to add fresh fruit to its menu† (Simon 476). Simon has all of these examples for the counter argument that the fast-food industry is getting somewhat better. In conclusion there are many parts of an argument, and Simon uses all of these parts to successfully get her argument across effectively. She makes her claim, and then backs it up with the right support and to make his claim even stronger. Then she successfully gets the warrant across which has great appeal to the audience and is needed to make the claim that much stronger. Then finally Simon uses her counter argument to address to her audience what has been happening in the years past to try and fix the problem. Works Cited Simon, Michele. Even the Healthy Choices at Fast-Food Restaurants Are Unhealthy. . 473-75. Print. Excerpt from The Purposeful Argument: A Practical Guide. Boston: Patricia Bostian, 2006. N. pag.

The Disadvantages Of Standardized Testing Essay -- High-Stakes Standard

Standardized tests must be improved. Instead of traditional standardized testing, random testing should be put in place and tests themselves should be reconstructed to promote fairness, reduce errors and and more accurately assess student’s knowledge. Testing should be done to random groups of students on random dates throughout the year. There will be a large enough group of students to give a good idea of how well material is being taught but a small enough group that not everyone needs to take the test. Cheating is a major problem with standardized tests. Cheating leads to inaccurate test scores (Dolezalek 71). In many cases of it is the teachers that are the ones cheating. â€Å"About 10 percent of the teachers admitted to providing hints about the answers during the test administration; about 10 percent pointed out mismarked items by students; about 15 percent of the teachers provided more time for the test than was allowed; and about 5 percent of the teachers engaged in instruction during the test† (Dolezalek 73). Teachers can also cheat by altering finished tests by filling in blank answers or fixing the answers at the end of the test which tend to be the hardest (Dolezalek 75). Teachers are often pushed by administrators who also cheat for their schools. â€Å"In July 2011 the Georgia Bureau of Investigation released a report on the Atlanta Public Schools charging a widespread cheating conspiracy over a ten year period by 178 teachers, principals and administrators to f ix answers on the statewide competency test† (â€Å"Pressure Caused Teachers to Cheat†). The fact that federal budgets can be determined by tests causes some schools and states to cheat (Dolezalek 76). Schools cheat because the system for determining budgets makes n... ...argets Has Caused Teachers to Cheat.† Standardized Testing. Ed. Dedria Bryfonski. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue. Rpt. from â€Å"GBI Reveals Why Cheating Occurred in Atlanta Public Schools.† Teacher World. 10 July 2011. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web 4 March 2014. â€Å"Why Can Some Kids Handle the Pressure While Others Fall Apart?† The New York Times. The New York Times, 6 Feb. 2013. Web. 10 March 2014. â€Å"Why Standardized Tests Don’t Measure Educational Quality.† ASCD. Educational Leadership, March 1999. Web. 10 March 2014. Walberg, Herbert J. â€Å"Standardized Tests Effectively Measure Student Achievement.† Standardized Testing. Ed. Dedria Bryfonski. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. At Issue. Rpt. of â€Å"Stop the War Against Standardized Tests.† Defining Ideas: A Hoover Institution Journal. (20 May 2011). Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 7 March 2014.

Mpare and Contrast the Way in Which Heaney

Blackberry Picking by Seamus Heaney and Stealing Peas by Gillian Clarke both approach passion and disappointment in life by describing childhood experience. They explore love and regret through the description of childhood and nature; Blackberry Picking through the explicit meaning of picking blackberries but them decomposing, and Stealing Peas through the explicit meaning of children stealing peas from pea rows in a field in the day, but later on with a girl asking a boy a question and her being given a disappointing and seemingly unexpected answer. Both Blackberry Picking by Seamus Heaney and Stealing Peas by Gillian Clarke are similar in subject; they both are poems about sad or unfortunate childhood events that have perhaps lingered in both of the poets’ memories. â€Å"Blackberry Picking† uses nature as a basis for the narrative. Heaney writes about his childhood experiences; picking berries in â€Å"late august†. Heaney and Clarke both create strong feelings in their poems. In â€Å"Blackberry Picking†, Heaney conveys a sense of lust and greed for the berries: â€Å"We hoarded the fresh berries†, but that afterwards the berries fermented and grew sour: â€Å"The fruit fermented†. Alternatively, Heaney could also be describing the excitement and joy people feel at the beginning of relationships and how it can deteriorate into something that is bitter and rotten. Heaney does this by describing how a fungus grows upon the berries that they had picked, making the â€Å"sweet flesh† of the berries turn sour. Similarly, in â€Å"Stealing Peas†, Gillian Clarke also uses nature as a basis for the narrative when she writes about two teenage lovers crawling in pea rows, stealing the peas and eating them. They crawl in the pea rows, slid the peas down their tongues. The girl asks, â€Å"Who d’you like best? and he replies with â€Å"You’re prettier. She’s funnier. † She writes, â€Å"I wish I hadn’t asked† indicating she regrets having asked. The implicit meaning of â€Å"Stealing Peas† is that a boy and a girl go to a field and have sex in the pea rows: â€Å"We crawled†, â€Å"slit the skins†, â€Å"with bitten nails†, â€Å"chutes of our tongues†-these each help to heighten the air of sexual tension in the second stanza, with the crawling as a way of remaining undetected; showing that what they are doing is perhaps forbidden and could get them in trouble, and this observation is reaffirmed by the mentioning of â€Å"stolen green light†. The use of the word â€Å"stolen† symbolises the loss of virginity or innocence, whilst the â€Å"green† showing the go ahead. The poet also describes how a â€Å"parky† shouted at a â€Å"child we could not see† which could either simply be another child in the field, or a child growing inside the girl- she has become pregnant, or lost her innocence. Heaney and Clarke both create strong feelings in their poems. In â€Å"Blackberry Picking†, Heaney conveys a sense of lust and greed for the berries using images of the children hurriedly filling cans with the berries, and by using words such as â€Å"ripen†, â€Å"flesh†, and â€Å"sticky†. These words have very sensual connotations and give the reader the impression that the poet was experiencing feelings of lust and greed at the time, and that the acts are forbidden. Heaney is also personifying the berries by referring to the â€Å"flesh† of the berries; perhaps showing that he felt feelings towards them that you would feel towards a person. Heaney and Clarkes’ poems are, to an extent, different in their form and layout. And though they both appear different, the poems are both similar in that they both focus more on the positive experiences, rather than the negative. â€Å"Blackberry Picking† is structured into two distinct stanzas with a sharp contrast between them. Heaney writes of the picking of the berries in the first stanza, introduces sexual themes, uses aural devices, and utilises similes and metaphors to create strong imagery. In the second stanza, he then moves on to talk about the how the berries are ruined- a â€Å"rat-grey† fungus, â€Å"glutting† on their â€Å"cache†. There is a notable difference between the two stanzas of â€Å"Blackberry Picking†. The first stanza is very long, describing the joy of the children as they go out collecting berries, but the second stanza, where Heaney talks about the fungus, is considerably shorter- it seems that Heaney is recalling the good part of the memory fondly, whilst quickly brushing over the bad. Unlike â€Å"Blackberry Picking†, Clarke has structured â€Å"Stealing Peas† into four stanzas. In the first stanza, Clarke sets the scene for the poem by describing the tide â€Å"far out†, the â€Å"warm evening† voices and the park â€Å"clipped privet†. In the second stanza the poet describes a boy, mentioning that he wore a â€Å"blue† shirt with an â€Å"Aertex† logo, and more sexual language is introduced: â€Å"filthy with syrups†, â€Å"grime of the town park†, â€Å"tendrils of my hair†. Filthy and grime suggesting the sensual, dirty, and perhaps forbidden acts that they are doing. There also is a notable difference between the four different stanzas of â€Å"Stealing Peas† in terms of length. The first stanza is very short, showing that Clarke is choosing not to remember her surroundings at the time so strongly, while the second stanza is much longer, indicating that the time spent with this boy, crawling in the pea rows together, meant more to her than any other part of the day, and that she herself has selected this part of the memory to stand out more vividly than any other. The third stanza is noticeably shorter, with her asking him â€Å"Who d’you like best? † The use of sound is important in both poems, and both poets use it to great effect. Techniques such as alliteration, onomatopoeia, and rhyme- the words â€Å"purple clot† and â€Å"hard as a knot†, â€Å"smelt of rot† and â€Å"knew they would not† in â€Å"Blackberry Picking†, are all strategically used to evoke images and create sounds by Heaney and Clarke. In â€Å"Blackberry Picking†, the use the letter p in â€Å"pricks, our palms† is short and sharp to emphasise the sharpness of the pricks from the blackberry thorns, b in â€Å"bleached our boots† and â€Å"berries in the byre† is very bubbly and bouncy, reflecting the children’s emotions as they set out on a journey of exploration, whilst the use of f in â€Å"filled we found fur† is also soft sounding- creeping in, similar to how the Heaney talks about how the â€Å"rat-grey fungus† seeps in and ruins the blackberries. Clarke also uses aural devices; alliteration with the use of the letter s in â€Å"slit the skins†, helping the reader to visualise the sounds created when the children, crawling through the rows, and stealing the pea pods, slit the skins open. The â€Å"s†, when said aloud, is a soft sound, but in the context of the stanza, creates a more sinister, hissing sound, as though the skins are being hastily ripped open in lust. Again, the use of the letter s in â€Å"slid the peas† helps the reader visualize– almost hear, the youths sliding the peas down the â€Å"chutes† of their tongues. Lastly, the use of onomatopoeia in â€Å"a lawn-mower murmured†, creates a very sexual feeling- perhaps from the boy, towards the girl. In conclusion, it can be seen that the two poems are alike in many ways such as they both recount childhood experiences that the poets regretted. What I found interesting was how Heaney and Clarke wrote the poems, spending more time describing the good experiences, rather than the unfortunate– in a way suggesting that the poets have selectively recorded these events in their minds.